Emergencias nucleares y/o radiológicas

Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies: Biological Effects, Countermeasures and Biodosimetry.

Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, Villaescusa JI, Gallego E, Pellicer B, Estrela JM, Montoro A.

Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 May 31;11(6):1098. doi: 10.3390/antiox11061098.

Figure 1. Stepwise dosimetry and evaluation after a nuclear detonation. (1) Results can be obtained more quickly if automation systems are available. GIS, gastrointestinal syndrome; HS, hematopoietic syndrome; CNS, central nervous system syndrome; mod, moderate; (pb), personal belongings; CM, construction materials. (2) Samples of human blood and hair. These cytogenetic techniques require 48–72 h to process the samples (not indicated). We have focused on the specific case of samples which are processed right after the accident, in a scenario where triage is rapid to avoid deterministic effects. If there is no option, samples can be processed later, and the results used in a retrospective manner. A recognized drawback of the dicentric (DC) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assays is that the damage is unstable and therefore can be eliminated from the peripheral blood lymphocyte pool. Nevertheless, some lymphocytes containing aberrations continue to exist in the peripheral circulation for many years after an irradiation, although a high dose exposure or a long delay between irradiation and sampling can reduce the aberration yield. Sevan’kaev et al. remark that “the pattern of decline was biphasic with a more rapid first phase, with a half-life of 4 months, followed by a slower decline with half-lives around 2–4 years. It is usually assumed that for biological dosimetry purposes, where delayed sampling requires an extrapolation to zero time, the yield of DIC decreases with a half-life of about 3 years” [428]. Therefore, DIC and CBMN are useful for dose assessment from 2–3 days to 3 years after the accident, whereas FISH, as a stable alteration, has a time window of more years. It is recommended to run these assays within the first year after harmful radiation exposure.